Thrust Statement: The Scriptures set forth a chronology upon which to assign
dates to certain historical facts.
INTRODUCTION
As one approaches biblical chronology, one is confronted with a vocabulary that is somewhat confusing to many individuals. One is immediately catapulted into unknown territory with the terms BC and AD. The first term “BC” means “before Christ” and the second term “AD” means the “year of our Lord,” which is from the Latin “Anno Domini” (pronounced: ann-know-dumb-eh-knee). Some Christians think this Latin term means “after death,” but if this were the case, there would be a thirty-three year gap in today’s chronology. Just a perusal of this essay on biblical chronology reveals that this author (Dallas Burdette) employs the terms “BC” when referring to the Old Testament. The writers of the Old Testament Scriptures did not write: My name is Isaiah and I am writing in 739 BC. The way Isaiah identified the time frame of his prophecy was by naming kings reigning at the time of his writing. For example, listen to Isaiah as he begins his book: “The vision concerning Judah and Jerusalem that Isaiah son of Amoz saw during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah” (Isaiah 1:1).[1] Another example of this same type of dating is found in the Book of Ezekiel. Once more, pay attention to Ezekiel as he sets the time frame of his writings:
In thea thirtieth year, in the fourth month on the fifth day, while I was among the exiles by the Kebar River, the heavens were opened and I saw visions of God. 2 On the fifth of the month—it was the fifth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin— 3 the word of the Lord came to Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi,b by the Kebar River in the land of the Babylonians.c There the hand of the Lord was upon him. (Ezekiel 1:1-3)
One more example of biblical chronology will suffice to draw attention to the way the authors of the Old Testament identified the period in which they lived and wrote. Just a casual reading of the introductions to the various prophets reveal that devastation, up-to-date events, or the reign of kings identifies the era of their writings. Jeremiah, too, is another classic example of this kind of identification:
The words of Jeremiah son of Hilkiah, one of the priests at Anathoth in the territory of Benjamin. 2 The word of the Lord came to him in the thirteenth year of the reign of Josiah son of Amon king of Judah, 3 and through the reign of Jehoiakim son of Josiah king of Judah, down to the fifth month of the eleventh year of Zedekiah son of Josiah king of Judah, when the people of Jerusalem went into exile. (Jeremiah 1:1-3)
ASSYRIAN EPONYM LIST
As a result of sources “outside” biblical
sources, one can determine absolute dates. J. B. Payne’s excellent essay on the
Chronology is extremely informative. He writes: “The Canon of Ptolemy, a Gr.
Geographer and astronomer of Egypt, c. A.D. 70-161. Ptolemy also recorded and
dated by reign over eighty verifiable astronomical phenomena, such as the
eclipses of the moon on 17 March 721 B.C. and 16 July 523 B.C.”[2]
Again, he calls attention to the Assyrian Eponym[3]
List as another means of establishing absolute dates whereby events listed in
the Old Testament can be dated with absolute certainty based on astronomical
data found in this valuable list. He pens the following words about this
important “eponym” lists:
Similarly, the neighboring Assyrians maintained
“eponym” lists, in which each year was assigned the name of an important
official. Since the lists include also an eclipse of the sun, on 15 June 763
B.C., the whole can be dated, from 892 to 648 B.C. Furthermore, since Sargon II
of Assyria at one point assumed the throne of Babylon, and since this comes out
to the year 709 B.C. in both The Canon of
Ptolemy and in the eponym lists, the accuracy of both sources is
established. Prior to 892 B.C., Assyrian king lists revert to about 2000 B.C.
They become fairly reliable from the dynasty of Adasi (c. 1700 B.C.) onward,
with a margin of error of less than ten years after 1400 B.C. Similar lists
from Egypt, which can be cross-checked with the Assyrian and with other
astronomical observations, produce dates of c. 2133-1990 B.C. for Dynasty XI,
of 1990-1786 B.C. for XII (Middle Kingdom) “with only a negligible margin of
error” (CAH rev., pp. 4, 13, 13), and of 1570-1085 B.C. for XVIII-XX (New
Empire)
OT events may then be assigned absolute
dates whenever they are mentioned in these other datable records. The
Babylonian Nebuchadnezzar’s capture of Jerusalem in his eighth year (2 Kings
24:12) can be dated precisely to 16 March 597 B.C. The Assyrian Shalmaneser
III’s contacts with Kings Ahab and Jehu can be dated 853 and 841 B.C.
respectively; and while neither contact is mentioned in the Bible, the fact
that between Ahab and Jehu appear two other kings that occupy exactly twelve
years proves that 853 must have been the last year of Ahab and 841 the first of
Jehu. Counting backward from these dates, one establishes Solomon’s death and
the division of the kingdom in 930 B.C. and the Exodus in 1446 B.C. (1 Kings
6:1). Among the more significant of the
OT’s absolute dates are these:
|
Event |
Basis |
Date |
|
Nehemiah’s Wall |
20th year of Artaxerxes I |
444 |
|
Return decreed |
1st year of Cyrus II |
538 |
|
Fall of Jerusalem |
19th year of Nebuchadrezzar |
586 |
|
Fall of Samaria |
Last year of Shalmaneser V |
722 |
|
Division of Kingdom |
From sixth year of Shalmaneser III |
930 |
|
Temple founded |
1 Kings 11:42; 6:1 |
966 |
|
Exodus from Egypt |
1 Kings 6:1 |
1446 |
|
Descent into Egypt |
Exodus 12:40 LXX |
1876 |
|
Jacob born |
Gen 25:26 |
2006 |
|
Isaac born |
Gen 21:5 |
2066 |
|
Abraham born |
Gen 11:26 |
2166[4] |
The dates listed in the above chart are
discussed in greater detail below. Before leaving the comments about Assyrian
chronology, or Eponym List, a word from Thomas Rogers is pertinent to help
clarify the importance of this find. He writes:
Thanks to archaeology, we have a list of
consecutive Eponyms from 892 B.C. to 648 B.C. These eponym tablets list many
important events, some of which are contained in the biblical records. An
example is the Eponym list which says there was a revolt in the city of Asshur
in the month of Simanu, during
which time an eclipse of the sun took place. Astronomers know that this eclipse
took place on June 15, 763 B.C., so we can lock into this date historically.
We now have a usable “anchor point” for
dating the Old Testament. By locking into that date and looking at the Eponyms
who are listed on down through the years, we learn several important things. We
can secure the date of 853 B.C. for the battle of Qarqar. We know from the
Assyrian records, that it involved Shalmaneser III; that it was a battle
between the Assyrians and the Syrians; and that Ahab was present at that
battle. We also know that Ahab died in 853 B. C. during a battle in which he
encouraged Jehoshaphat to join him against Syria (1 Kings 22:1-35).
Twelve years later there is a reference to
the occasion when Jehu gave tribute to the Assyrians. The year was 841 B.C.
Scripture chronology shows exactly twelve years between the death of Ahab and
the ascent of Jehu to the throne. The Assyrian eponym list shows exactly twelve
years between the battle of Qarqar and the time when Jehu gave tribute to the
Assyrians. The archaeological record also bears witness to this fact with the
obelisk of Shalmaneser which details the offering or tribute which Jehu paid to
the Assyrian monarch.[5]
ANCHOR POINT OF BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY
1 KINGS 6:1
Armed with the above information,
one now turns to the Old Testament with certain dates established through the
Assyrian Eponym List. One now knows that the reign of Solomon occurred during
970 to 930 B.C.
Thus, the anchor point of biblical chronology is found in 1 Kings 6:1 since one knows the time of Solomon’s
reign (970 to 930 BC). In order for one to understand clearly biblical
chronology and to respond appropriately to the work of the “destructive critics,”
it is necessary to perceive a time frame of biblical chronology in order to
assess the liberals’ assigned chronology to the Old Testament writings,
especially the Pentateuch. Does the
Bible give any indication as to the dates within which the Old Testament
writings can be dated? Perhaps, one of
the most important verses dealing with biblical chronology is First Kings 6:1.[6]
This passage sets the stage for biblical chronology that allows one to get a
handle on some very key persons in the Old Testament. The writer in First Kings
says: “In the four hundred
and eightieth year after the Israelites had come out of Egypt, in the fourth
year of Solomon’s reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv, the second month, he
began to build the temple of the LORD.”
The author gives an anchor point for biblical chronology. In fact, several important factors are
contained in this verse. For instance, consider the following: (1) It is the
fourth year of Solomon’s reign; (2) it is the year in which he began to build
the temple; and (3) it has been 480 years since the Exodus (1446 BC).
One knows from internal and external
evidence that this fourth year of Solomon’s reign is 966 BC. One also knows that Solomon was crowned king
in 970 BC. It is common knowledge that
David reigned for forty years (First Kings 2:10).
Since Solomon came to the throne in 970 BC, then David was crowned king over Judah in 1010 BC. Saul, David’s predecessor, also reigned for
forty years (Acts 13:21); therefore,
he was crowned king in 1050 BC. Thus, one can quickly see that First Kings 6:1 becomes an anchor point for
an adequate knowledge of biblical chronology.[7]
Date of the Exodus
1446 BC
Understanding First Kings
6:1 helps one to assign a specific time period to the date of
the Exodus. Since the author of First Kings tells his readers that “it came
to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel had
come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon’s reign” (First Kings 6:1), then one can arrive at a
date of 966 BC as the fourth year of Solomon’s reign in which
he began to build the house of the Lord.
With this data about Solomon’s reign, one can arrive at an exact date
for the Exodus. From the date of
Solomon’s fourth year of his reign (966 BC), one can add 966 to 480 (the number of years
since the Exodus) to arrive at the number 1446 (the year of the exodus). This combining of these two dates gives one
the information needed to establish the date of the Exodus as well as the date
of birth for some of the patriarchs.
Date Jacob Moved to Egypt
1876 BC
Since one now knows that
the date of the exodus occurred in 1446 BC, then one can determine the date that Jacob moved into Egypt. The key to
unraveling this information is found in Exodus 12:40, where Moses says, “Now the sojourn of the children of Israel who
lived in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years.” If one adds 430 years to the date of the
Exodus (1446 BC), then one discovers that the children of Israel began their sojourn in
Egypt in 1876 BC. Thus, from Exodus 12:40,
one discovers that Jacob moved to Egypt in 1876 BC.
Date of Jacob’s Birth and Death
2006-1859 BC
As one continues to move back in
time, one can discover the date of Jacob’s birth. Again, one is indebted to Moses for a statement concerning a
conversation that Jacob had with Pharaoh: “And Jacob said to Pharaoh, ‘The days of the years
of my pilgrimage are one hundred and thirty years; few and evil have
been the days of the years of my life, and they have not attained to the days
of the years of the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage’” (Genesis 47:9). The sojourn of Jacob began in Egypt (1876 BC) when he stood before Pharaoh, thus the
information from Genesis 47: 9 furnishes
one with the additional knowledge to determine the date of Jacob’s birth. Since Jacob told Pharaoh that he was 130
years old, then if one adds 130 years to the date that Jacob entered Egypt
(1876 BC), one arrives at the date of 2006 B C as the date of Jacob’s birth. One also knows
that Jacob died in 1859 BC.
Moses writes that Jacob died at the age of one hundred and forty-seven (Genesis 47:28).
If one subtracts 147 from 2006 BC,
one has a date of 1859 BC.
Just as a side note, Jacob was fifteen years old when Abraham died. Since Jacob
was born in 2006 BC, then one subtracts
the date of Abraham’s death in 1991 BC, which calculation gives the age of fifteen. See details below for
Abraham’s birth and death.
Date of Isaac’s Birth and Death
2066-1886 BC
Armed with the above information about Jacob’s date of
birth (2006 BC), then one can move further back
into time to another statement of Moses in Genesis 25:26
in order to determine the date of Isaac’s birth: “After this, his brother came out, with his hand grasping Esau’s heel; so
he was named Jacob. Isaac was sixty years old when Rebecca gave birth to
them.” Since one knows from Genesis 47:9 that Jacob was born in 2006 BC, then by adding
Isaac’s age at the time of Jacob’s birth then one can assign a date for Isaac’s
birth at 2066 BC. Moses records that Isaac lived “one hundred and eighty-years” (35:28),
which number subtracted from 2066 BC gives the date of 1886 BC.
Abraham’s Date of Birth and Death
2166-1991 BC
Still moving back, one
also learns from Genesis
21:5 that Abraham was born in 2166 BC.[8]
Moses writes: “Abraham was a
hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him.” Since Isaac was born in 2066 BC, then by adding 100
to Isaac’s birth, then one arrives at a date of 2166 BC for the birth of Abraham. Moses not only informs his readers about the
birth of Abraham, but he also records the departure of Abraham from Haran to
Canaan as occurring in the year 2091 BC: “So Abram left, as the LORD had told him; and
Lot went with him. Abram was seventy-five years old when he set out from Haran”
(Genesis 12:4). If one
begins the patriarchal period with Abram (Abraham), then one is considering a
time span from 2091 BC when he left Haran until the time when the
children of Israel entered Egypt in 1876 BC. This
calculation (2091 minus 1876) is a total of 215 years. Some see the patriarchal period as extending
from the time Abram left Haran in 2091 BC down to the death of Joseph, which is recorded
in Genesis 50:26. Joseph’s death occurred in 1805 BC. If one accepts this latter span, then one
would have a period of 286 years for the patriarchal period.[9]
Moses also gives the number of years that Abraham lived as “one hundred and
seventy-five years” (25:7). If one subtracts 175 from 2166 BC, one arrives at a date of 1991 BC.
DATING OF CERTAIN OLD TESTAMENT BOOKS
GENESIS
Eternity Past to the Death of Joseph
Reading from Genesis 1:1 to the final section of Genesis (chapter
50), one goes from
eternity past (approximately 8000 to 12000 BC) to the death of Joseph, which can be shown by
tracing the chronologies in Genesis to be 1805 BC.[10]
Joseph died at the age of “one hundred and ten” (50:26). Moses history in Genesis closes with 1805 BC. Joseph
time span is from 1915 to 1805 BC.
Abraham lived to be 175 years old (25:7); Isaac lived to be 180 years old (35:28); Jacob lived to be 147 years old (47:28); and Joseph lived to be 110 years old (50:26). Since Abraham was born in 2166 BC and lived to
be 175 years old, one discovers that his date of death is 1991 BC (2166 minus 175 is 1991BC). Since Jacob, Abraham’s grandson, was born in
2006 BC, one knows that Jacob was only fifteen[11]
years old when Abraham died (2006 minus 1991 is 15). Moses reveals that Joseph
entered the service of Pharaoh when he was thirty years old (41:46). One also knows that Joseph was thirty-nine
years old when he revealed his identity to his brothers. This data is gathered
from the information that Moses records in 41:29 and 45:6. Moses writes about Pharaoh’s dream and Joseph
interpretation of this dream (Joseph was thirty years old at the time):
Then Joseph said to Pharaoh, “The dreams of Pharaoh are one and the same. God has revealed to Pharaoh what he is about to do. 26 The seven good cows are seven years, and the seven good heads of grain are seven years; it is one and the same dream. 27 The seven lean, ugly cows that came up afterward are seven years, and so are the seven worthless heads of grain scorched by the east wind: They are seven years of famine. 28 “It is just as I said to Pharaoh: God has shown Pharaoh what he is about to do. 29 Seven years of great abundance are coming throughout the land of Egypt, 30 but seven years of famine will follow them. Then all the abundance in Egypt will be forgotten, and the famine will ravage the land. 31 The abundance in the land will not be remembered, because the famine that follows it will be so severe. (41:25-31)
Since Joseph was thirty
years old at this time, then one knows from Genesis 45:6 that Joseph was thirty-nine
years old. Listen to Moses as he records Joseph’s conversation with his
brothers:
Then Joseph said to his brothers, “Come
close to me.” When they had done so, he said, “I am your brother Joseph, the
one you sold into Egypt! 5 And now, do not be distressed and do not
be angry with yourselves for selling me here, because it was to save lives that
God sent me ahead of you. 6 For two years now there has been
famine in the land, and for the next five years there will not be plowing
and reaping. 7 But God sent me ahead of you to preserve for you a
remnant on earth and to save your lives by a great deliverance.a (45:4-7)
From this
Scripture citation, one learns that the seven good years had passed and the
second year of the famine was upon them. Thus, one sees Joseph at age thirty
with nine additional years added (30 [entered Pharaoh’s service] plus 7 [good
years] plus 2 [famine years] give a total of 39 years). Since Jacob stood
before Pharaoh in 1876 BC (966 fourth year
of Solomon’s reign plus 480 years since the Exodus and 430 years in Egypt give
a date of 1876 BC), one adds Joseph’s age to 1876 BC to determine Joseph’s date of birth (1876 plus 39 gives a date of 1915 BC for his date of birth). Since Joseph was born in 1915 BC, one knows that Joseph died in 1805 BC (1915 minus 110 gives
a date of 1805BC).
The above dates also help one to determine other dates of interest to the reader who wishes to understand the age of Jacob when he left for Haran. For example, since Jacob was 130 years old when he stood before Pharaoh, then one subtracts Joseph’s age (thirty-nine years old) from his father’s age at the time he stood before Pharaoh to determine how old he was when Joseph was born (130 minus 39 gives his age of 91 years old). The question still remains, how old was Jacob when he left his father Isaac’s home and how old was he when he married Leah and Rachael. The following Scriptures help to focus in on the answers. First, Moses gives some information in 30:25 and 31:38-41. In 30:25, he writes: “After Rachel gave birth to Joseph, Jacob said to Laban, ‘Send me on my way so I can go back to my own homeland.’” At this time, Joseph had been in Haran fourteen years, which means that Jacob left his father in 1929 BC at the age of seventy-seven (91 at the birth of Joseph minus 14 years of service equals 77 years of age). Jacob marries Leah and Rachael when he is eighty-four years old (1922 BC) [29:21-30 and 30:1, 22-26]. Since Jacob went to Haran when he was seventy-seven and worked seven years before marriage makes him eight-four years old (77 plus 7 = 84 years old). Finally, after twenty years, Jacob moved his family in 1909 BC to Canaan (31:17-21).
EXODUS
Time Period: Thirteen Months
The Book of Exodus begins in 1876 BC in flashback, because Exodus 1:1 refers to the names of those who came into Egypt
with Jacob. Chapter one of Exodus covers the time period from 1876 BC to the birth of Moses as recorded in chapter two. One can
read in Acts 7 that Moses was forty years old when he fled
Egypt. He was eighty years old when he
returned to lead the children of Israel out of bondage. Since one knows that Moses died at the age
of 120 (Deuteronomy 34:7), then by using the previous information about
the date of the Exodus, one can date the birth of Moses at 1526 BC Since
Moses was eighty years old when he led the children of Israel out of Egypt,
then one only needs to add 80 to 1446 to arrive at Moses’ date of birth. Between Exodus 2:1 and Exodus 3:2, one discovers that eighty years
transpired. Then, from the night of the
Passover until the tabernacle was set up at the end of the Book of Exodus, one
observes a time span of thirteen months.
Turning to Exodus 40:17, Moses writes: “So the tabernacle was set up on
the first day of the first month in the second year.” One observes that by this time the children of Israel have left
Egypt and have gone down into Sinai; Moses made his two trips up on Mount
Sinai, and the tabernacle was constructed.
Exodus 40:17 informs the reader that all these events
occurred within approximately thirteen months. Thus, one can place a date of
approximately 1445 BC
alongside of Exodus 40:17.[12]
LEVITICUS AND NUMBERS
Numbers Cover Thirty-Nine Years of
History
Leviticus has no chronology. But, about a month transpires between the
section in Exodus
40:17 and the movement
indicated and initiated in the Book of Numbers. For instance, Moses writes: “The LORD spoke to Moses in the Tent
of Meeting in the Desert of Sinai on the first day of the second month of the
second year after the Israelites came out of Egypt” (Numbers 1:1). The
Book of Numbers begins in the second year after the Exodus and covers a period
of about thirty-nine years. Since the Book of Exodus ended in 1445 BC, the Book of Numbers also begins with that same
year.
DEUTERONOMY
Deuteronomy Closes with the Year 1406
BC
Moses: 1526-1406 BC
Since Moses died at the age of 120, then the
death of Moses occurred in 1406 BC (1446 minus 40). With this date (1406 BC) the wanderings were over. From
the internal evidence in the Book of Deuteronomy, one is able to date this book
with accuracy. For example, Moses gives
us the chronology that is essential to date this book: “In the fortieth year,
on the first day of the eleventh month, Moses proclaimed to the Israelites all
that the LORD had commanded him concerning them” (Deuteronomy 1:3). Thus, one can write alongside
the Book of Deuteronomy, and especially at Deuteronomy 34:7, the date of 1406 BC.
JOSHUA
Twenty-One Years of History
1406-1385 BC
With the death of Moses in 1406 BC, the responsibility of leadership passed from
Moses to Joshua. Thus, the Book of
Joshua begins with this date. From the
internal evidence, it appears that the events of the book required about
twenty-one years. Therefore, one may
date the end of Joshua at 1385 BC. [13]
JUDGES
Three Hundred and Thirty-Five Years of
History
1385-1050 BC
The Book of Judges began immediately after
the death of Joshua. Again from
internal evidence, the time period lasted approximately 335 years. Those years
also include the Book of Ruth. Judges
can be dated from approximately 1385 to 1050 BC.
FIRST AND SECOND SAMUEL
Ninety Years of History
1100-1010 BC
The Book of First Samuel began in 1100 BC. There is a fifty-year overlap between the end
of the Book of Judges and the beginning of First Samuel. First Samuel covers a time span from the
birth of Samuel in 1100 BC to
the death of Saul in 1010 BC, a
total of ninety years of history. Second Samuel began in 1010 BC and covers almost forty years of history until
approximately 975 BC.
FIRST AND SECOND KINGS
One Hundred and Seventeen Years of
History
First Kings: 970-853 BC
Two Hundred and sixty-five years of
History
Second Kings: 853-586 BC
First Kings began in 970 BC and ends with the death of Ahab in 853 BC. This
book covers approximately 117 years of history (970 minus 853). Second Kings, using the death of Ahab in 853
BC, continues until 586 BC, which is the year of the Babylonian
captivity. Second Kings covers roughly
267 years of history (853 minus 586).
FIRST AND SECOND CHRONICLES
From Adam to 539 BC
The two books of Chronicles begin with a
genealogical synopsis from Adam to 539 BC. Thus,
Second Chronicles includes forty-seven more years of history than is contained
in Second Kings (586 minus 539).
EZRA
Eight-Two Years of History
586-539 BC
Following the Babylonian captivity (586 BC), Ezra takes up the history of Judah from 539 BC. to 457 B.C. (539 minus 457), which is an additional
eighty-two years of the history of Judah.
There is no book that covers the history of Judah from 457 BC to 445 BC (12 years), and as a result of this lack of
history, one encounters twelve years that is unaccounted.
NEHEMIAH
Picks up History in 444 BC
Nehemiah picks up the history in 445/444 BC. This number (444), when subtracted from 1406
(the date of the entrance into Canaan as recorded by Joshua) provides one with
the date 444 BC. This is the date for Nehemiah and the rebuilding
of the wall of Jerusalem.
MALACHI
Following this history, Malachi records the
final episodes of the history of Judah, which dates to more or less 400 BC. So, the
writings of the Old Testament took place between 1446 BC and 400 BC, which totals 1,046 years.[14]
Malachi is the last prophet to prophesy before the coming of John the Baptist.
The study of the prophets will be discussed later in this series.
CONCLUSION
The
above dates between the liberals (see Chapter 1) and the conservatives
illustrate the wide discrepancies that exist within the world of scholarship.
This essay focuses upon the conservative chronology based upon the internal
evidence found in the Bible. Many scholars reject the above chronology based
upon their presuppositions as they approach the text. Those who accept the
biblical account are referred to as conservatives. Those who deny biblical
chronology are called liberals. The question that confronts everyone is: Who is
a liberal? Again, how does one define what
is liberalism? A liberal, in the true
sense of the word, is someone who denies Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch or
the infallibility of Scripture, the virgin birth of Christ, the bodily
resurrection of Jesus, or the absolutes of God.
Regrettably and sadly, many Christians
identify liberalism as anyone who refuses to subscribe to the dogma of a
particular sectarian party.[15]
Disagreement over doctrinal issues, so prevalent within many Churches of
Christ, is not liberalism. One may be
wrong in his or her interpretation of Scripture and not be a liberal. Countless
Christians identify exactness in understanding as the hallmark, or seal, of
true Christianity. But inexactness, or inaccuracy, in perception or reading of
the Word of God is not liberalism. Lack of agreement may simply be an honest
mistake of the heart, not rebellion against God.
CHART OF THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL
|
The Kings of
Judah |
THIELE |
The Kings of
Israel |
THIELE |
|
Rehoboam |
931-913 |
Jeroboam |
931-910 |
|
Abijah |
931-911 |
Nadab |
910-909 |
|
Asa |
911-870 |
Baasha |
909-886 |
|
Jehoshaphat |
872-848 |
Elah |
886-885 |
|
Jehoram |
853-841 |
Zimri |
885 |
|
Ahaziah |
841 |
Omri |
885-874 |
|
Athaliah |
841-835 |
Ahab |
874-853 |
|
Joash (Jehoash) |
835-796 |
Ahaziah |
853-852 |
|
Amaziah |
796-767 |
Jehoram (Joram) |
852-841 |
|
Azariah (Uzziah) |
792-740 |
Jehu |
841-814 |
|
Jotham |
750-732 |
Jehoahaz |
814-798 |
|
Ahaz |
735-716 |
Jehoash (Joash) |
798-782 |
|
Hezekiah |
716-687 |
Jeroboam II |
793-753 |
|
Manasseh |
697-643 |
Zechariah |
753-752 |
|
Amon |
643-641 |
Shallum |
752 |
|
Josiah |
641-609 |
Menahem |
752-742 |
|
Jehoahaz |
609 (3 months) |
Pekahiah |
742-740 |
|
Jehoiakim |